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The practice of quoting out of context (sometimes referred to as "contextomy" and quote mining), is an informal fallacy and a type of false attribution in which a passage is removed from its surrounding matter in such a way as to distort its intended meaning.〔Engel, Morris S., ''With Good Reason: An Introduction to Informal Fallacies'' (1994), pp. 106-107 ISBN 0-312-15758-4〕 Contextomies are stereotypically intentional, but may also occur accidentally if someone misinterprets the meaning and omits something essential to clarifying it, thinking it non-essential. Arguments based on this fallacy typically take two forms: #As a straw man argument, which is frequently found in politics, it involves quoting an opponent out of context in order to misrepresent their position (typically to make it seem more simplistic or extreme) in order to make it easier to refute. #As an appeal to authority, it involves quoting an authority on the subject out of context, in order to misrepresent that authority as supporting some position.〔(Quoting Out of Context ), Fallacy Files〕 In either case, while quoting a person out of context can be done intentionally to advance an agenda or win an argument, it is also possible to remove essential context without the aim to mislead, through not perceiving a change in meaning or implication that may result from quoting what is perceived as the essential crux of a statement. ==Contextomy== Contextomy refers to the selective excerpting of words from their original linguistic context in a way that distorts the source’s intended meaning, a practice commonly referred to as "quoting out of context". The problem here is not the removal of a quote from its original context ''per se'' (as all quotes are), but to the quoter's decision to exclude from the excerpt certain nearby phrases or sentences (which become "context" by virtue of the exclusion) that serve to clarify the intentions behind the selected words. Comparing this practice to surgical excision, journalist Milton Mayer coined the term "contextomy" to describe its use by Julius Streicher, editor of the infamous Nazi broadsheet ''Der Stürmer'' in Weimar-era Germany. To arouse anti-semitic sentiments among the weekly’s working class Christian readership, Streicher regularly published truncated quotations from Talmudic texts that, in their shortened form, appear to advocate greed, slavery, and ritualistic murder.〔Mayer, M. (1966). (''They thought they were free: The Germans, 1933–45.'' ) Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.〕 Although rarely employed to this malicious extreme, contextomy is a common method of misrepresentation in contemporary mass media, and studies have demonstrated that the effects of this misrepresentation can linger even after the audience is exposed to the original, in context, quote.〔McGlone, M.S. (2005a). (Quoted out of context: Contextomy and its consequences. ) ''Journal of Communication, 55,'' 330–346.〕〔McGlone, M.S. (2005b). (Contextomy: The art of quoting out of context. ) ''Media, Culture, & Society, 27,'' 511–522.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fallacy of quoting out of context」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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